micrococcus luteus biochemical tests micrococcus luteus biochemical tests

A summary table is included which lists the results of the identification criteria discussed in the tutorial. Therefore I used this as my location to take my environmental sample from. The genera Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Sarcina were recognized. Subscribe to our e-mail newsletter to receive updates. All of these are described in the lab 6 handout and were kept in the incubator at 38 degrees Celsius. Micrococcus are aerobic, Gram-positive cocci ranging in size from 0.5 to 2.0 m in diameter. Sarah D. Perkins., Government of Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada. Figure 1. Due to the thick structure of the bacterial cell wall, Gram-positive cocci retain the primary Grams stain, Crystal Violet. It had 27,372 contigs in assembly. Like MSA, this medium also contains the pH indicator, phenol red. They are likely involved in the biodegradation of many other environmental pollutants or detoxification. 570 . They grow in circular, entire, convex, and creamy yellow-pigmented colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days at 37C. 1995; Wieser et al. They are also catalase-positive and often weakly oxidase-positive ( modified oxidase test positive). They usually can occur in the irregular clusters, tetrads, and in pairs, where the individual cells are about one to 1.8 mm in diameter and these are usually non-motile and non-spore-forming in nature. Complete lysis of the erythrocytes in the vicinity of the growing colony. The negative oxidase result conflicts with M. luteus (Public Health England). 2- M. luteus 3- M.roseus Culture: - Strictly aerobic at 37C incubation (24 hr) - Grow on ordinary media Nutrient agar - Blood agar and on the Blood agar M. roseus (pink) M. luteus (white) M.varians (yellow) - On m annitol salt agar grow given r ise to rose or pink colonies except M. roseus. The Culture Collections represent deposits of cultures from world-wide sources. Further biochemical tests to identify include the catalase and oxidase test, and typical tests of a "colorful series . The catalase test facilitates the detection of the enzyme catalase in bacteria. [8], Norwegian researchers in 2013 found a M. luteus strain that synthesizes a pigment that absorbs wavelengths of light from 350 to 475 nanometers. [7], In 2003, it was proposed that one strain of Micrococcus luteus, ATCC 9341, be reclassified as Kocuria rhizophila. These families of bacteria produce colonies which are variable both in size, consistency, and the type of hemolysis produced on sBAP. Intro: Microbes are everywhere, even in the most extreme environments and conditions. Biochemical Test and Identification of Staphylococcus aureus. Micrococcus (pleural-micrococci) is free-living in the environment and also normal flora of the skin. They have a respiratory metabolism, often producing little or no acid from carbohydrates, and are usually halotolerant, growing in 5% NaCl. The identification of three different biovars within the species M. luteus has the advantage that the three groups can be differentiated without nomenclatural changes having to be introduced. PDF Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology View Biochemical Tests Lab Report.docx from BIOL 240 at University of Alaska, Anchorage. M. luteus played an important part in Flemings discovery of Lysozyme which is the bodys natural antibiotic. If acid is produced, the pH indicator will turn yellow. However, the most promising antibiotic regimen that is proposed for the treatment of the Micrococcus luteus seems to be a combination of amikacin, vancomycin, and rifampicin. To identify our isolate after obtaining the pure culture, we performed many different tests. 91 988-660-2456 (Mon-Sun: 9am - 11pm IST), Want to read offline? Those are extremely toxic because they are powerful oxidizing agents and destroy cellular constituents very rapidly. Production of bubbles indicates a positive reaction. U.S. 2022 American Association for Clinical Chemistry. Though today the immuno-compromised patients take the risk of the infection that has grown. The first control consisted of plates of agar-agar to test sterility. Biochemical Pr Organism Enterococcus faecalis Lactococcus lactis Micrococcus luteus Staphylococcus [1] It is urease and catalase positive. The Kocuria rhizophila strain ATCC 9341 has been used in quality control for sterility testing, as a test for the effectiveness of antibiotics and fungicides, and for doxycycline, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol susceptibility testing since 1966 under the designation Micrococcus luteus [4]. Wieser et al. Micrococcus - Classification, Infection, Treatment, Tests and FAQs Most of the species produce carotenoid pigments. Because of their diversity, there are a variety of biochemical tests that are used by laboratories to identify the Gram-positive cocci. Cell surface of Micrococcus luteus: chemical treatment of the - PubMed Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. - ResearchGate Marine Actinobacteria: Screening for Predation Leads to the Discovery The results of this analysis are shown in table 1. Its genome has a high G + C content. The microscopic morphology of the organisms as visualized using the Grams stain can give initial clues as to the possible identification of the organism. Micrococcus Catalase Test: The catalase test facilitates the detection of the enzyme catalase in bacteria. In the case of a negative test, no colour change is observed. Micrococcus luteus has been shown to survive in oligotrophic environments for extended periods of time. The fluid thioglycallate test showed that the bacteria was an obligate aerobe because the growth was concentrated at the top of the tube in the pink region. M. luteus has the capability to show dormancy without the formation of spores. Micrococcus Luteus Oxidase Test: The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram-positive cocci possessing catalase enzymes. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and usually non-pigmented or cream white colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days on the plate at 37C. There are 3 biovars of this organismand they possess quite diverse chemotaxonomic features with respect to their menaquinone systems, cell-wall compositions, and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy patterns, as well as biochemical properties. When looking back at all the data, it is fairly likely that the isolate is Micrococcus luteus, especially when looking at the fluid thyoglycate test, the colony morphology, and the antibiotic susceptibility. Basics of Differentiation of Gram Positive Cocci, Author: Karen Krisher This is in agreement with a study by Mohana et al., (2013) who reported that the carotenoid pigments had antioxidant properties of Micrococcus luteus was reported at IC50 of 4.5mg/ml, also the . Optimum growth temperature is 25-37 C. I then streaked the exposed swab onto a petri dish to allow the organisms to grow, incubating them at 25 degrees Celsius in a dark cabinet. Colony morphology, the elucidation of the characteristics of the growth of the bacterium on agar medium, in most cases trypticase soy agar containing 5% sheep blood (sBAP). Micrococcus is a genus of bacteria that is present in the Micrococcaceae family. Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive to Gram-variable, nonmotile, tetrad-arranging, pigmented, saprotrophic coccus bacterium in the family Micrococcaceae. Staphylococcus spp. Micrococcus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics The oxygen class and the gram positiveness of the microbe also matches up with that of Micrococcus luteus. Comparative metabolic capabilities for Micrococcus luteus NCTC 2665 In order to determine physiological characteristics of the culture such as cell shape, arrangement, and whether it was gram positive or negative, which helps determine the cell wall type of the microbe, I performed a gram stain. Last updated: August 10, 2022 by Sagar Aryal. Several uncommon strains produce raised colonies with translucent, depressed centers. On top of that, most of the bacterium that were stained were gram negative, which conflicts with this result. Download Scientific Diagram from www.researchgate.net. The name of the genus is also called " Germanized " is written as Micrococcus. They are found in many other places in the, M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of all the bacteria. This simple-to-perform test categorizes the Gram-positive cocci as either catalase producers (+) or non-producers (-). When viewing the organism microscopically, the staining characteristics of the organism provide important information for identification. Characteristics. Whereas the M. variant has a G-C content of about 66-72mol%. "EPR and ENDOR detection of compound I from Micrococcus lysodeikticus catalase". Some Micrococcus are pigmented bacteria; for example, M. luteus produces yellow colonies and M. roseus produces redish colonies. Micrococcus species by the Taxo A Bacitracin disk test can also be differentiated from staphylococcus species. In contrast to staphylococci, usually, penicillin is sensitive. Micrococcus luteus is a constituent of the normal human buccal bacterial flora which forms yellowish colonies and appears as a gram-positive coccus typically arranged in tetrads. Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation Kit (ab288102) | Abcam These results might not be trustworthy. For example, M. luteus and M. lylae are 40-50% genetically different. Unlike other actinobacteria, M. luteus expresses only one resuscitation-promoting factor that is required for the emergence from dormancy and has few other dormancy-related proteins. Book a free counselling session. Species: Micrococcus luteus - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing They are generally strict aerobes and can generally reduce nitrate. This is a test commonly used when trying to identify Gram-negative enteric bacteria, all of which are glucose fermenters but only some of which produce gas. For the second control, 100 L of water sample dilutions were plated on agar-agar. Each genus lends itself to a separate tutorial. In this presentation, we will discuss the fundamentals of the primary identification of those microorganisms that are members of four main families of Gram-positive cocci, the Micrococcaceae, the Staphylococcaceae, the Streptococcaceae, and the Enterococcaceae. Bacteria Collection: Micrococcus luteus Additional Information. // From four species that have been identify, only Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas diminuta that show ability to block pathogen bacteria Edwardsiella tarda. Micrococcus - microbewiki - Kenyon College You can change these settings at any time, but that may impair functionality on our websites. Staphylococcus and Micrococcus: Introduction, Differentiating Fea Lab 11: Biochemical Tests (Day 2) - Biology LibreTexts Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. Your email address will not be published. . Environmental Isolate Case Files: Micrococcus luteus The EMB agar showed no growth or change in color, also indicating the microbe was gram positive and a non-fermenter. Three bacteria, E.coli, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Micrococcus luteus, have been grown on TSI or Triple sugar iron agar medium, which is a . Micrococcaceae. In future works with this microbe, I probably would want to purify the culture more and redo the tests. Micrococcus A study with 188 micrococci, identified only to the genus level, demonstrated MICs at achievable concentrations for most -lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, clindamycin and the most active drug in vitro, rifampin. Exposure to these wavelengths of ultraviolet light has been correlated with an increased incidence of skin cancer, and scientists believe this pigment can be used to make a sunscreen that can protect against ultraviolet light.[9]. In the presence of atmospheric oxygen, the oxidase enzyme reacts with the oxidase reagent and cytochrome C to form the coloured compound, indophenol indicated as blue or purplish-blue colouration on the disc after the introduction of the bacterial colony on the disc. Further tests that I would do would be testing how much heat resistance it has, the density of a broth suspended sample using a dilution series, test for more antibiotic resistances, and how well it can grow in antibacterial mediums and mediums of different pH levels. The pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, is notably coagulase-positive while most other members of the family are coagulase-negative. The MacConkey agar is selective for gram-negative which is why my microbe didnt show much growth on it, and because it didnt change colors it means it didnt ferment the lactose. My goal in this experiment was to isolate, characterize and identify a bacterial colony that arose from a sample taken from my roommates nose. M. luteus causes odours in humans when breaking down the components of sweat. The majority of staphylococcal species produce non-pigmented colonies with smooth margins, as opposed to the important pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, which produces the characteristic colonies seen here. Source: Trainee Council in English, Hello, my name is Dr. Karen Krisher. It is an aerobic exopolysaccharide producing bacteria that may be found on the skin, mouth and sometimes in the throat of mammals 13,14. The microbiome of the nasal cavity can also change in response to environmental factors such as geographic location, and hygiene (Rawis et al. M. luteus has a G-C content of about 65-75 mol%. Hemolysis is the lysis of the sheep erythrocytes within the agar by bacterial toxins (hemolysins) that are produced by the different genera of Gram-positive cocci. Micrococcus species, members of the family Micrococcaceae, are usually regarded as contaminants from skin and mucous membranes. Gram Staining. Micrococcus Luteus As a Cause of Recurrent Bacteremia - Lww Rawis M, and AK Ellis (2019). In the final section of a study, it is essential to present important information, techniques, and variables. The catalase test also indicated that the microbe does not have catalase, despite the metagenomic binning test suggesting it. Only the Micrococcus luteus species contained cytochrome c oxidase. Like all Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is also clustering Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and . appear as agents of infection causing endocarditis. A number of sophisticated tools are now available for clinical diagnosis. Kocuria rhizophila - microbewiki - Kenyon College After observation of the colony and microscopic morphology, the production of catalase by the isolate is documented. The Micrococcus genus is known to be found on dust particles, in water, on skin and skin glands in vertebrates, and some species can be found in milk. M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of all the bacteria. Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). Micrococcus spp. PDF Bacterial Identification Tests - University of Nevada, Las Vegas Lastly, do not underestimate the variety of different genera in the four families of the Gram- positive cocci that can, under the right circumstances, move from relatively harmless saprophytes to disease-producing opportunists. Although the initial placement of the Gram- positive cocci into broad categories is relatively easy, further classification of some isolates can be challenging and requires a battery of tests to arrive at a definitive identification. Muralytic activity of Micrococcus luteus Rpf and its relationship to This kit utilizes enzymatic reactions to release bacterial DNA from the cell. If an organism is capable of fermenting the sugar glucose, then acidic byproducts are formed and the pH indicator turns yellow. I performed a Gram stain test to identify if the bacterium was gram negative or positive, as described in the Lab 4 handout. What is the biochemical test for Micrococci roseus? There are around nine species that are recognized in the genus. Shape (Cocci/Diplococci/Rods) Cocci. Date: FEB.11.2016 These residential skin organisms are also fairly ubiquitous in the environment. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Micrococcus luteus - Wikipedia It is Gram positive, Coagulase positive, catalase and oxidase positive non-motile bacteria. Micrococcus luteus uses the amino acids and does not grow in the butt of the slant. Make a tape label writing the color dot, your name, and the name of the media. Reduction of O2 produces superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, or the hydroxyl radical. I chose to sample bacteria from inside my roommates nose. After you have cultivated your organism on agar media, the next step is the microscopic examination. I think based on all this information, that my microbe is in fact micrococcus luteus as suggested by the PATRIC metagenome binning test, and the krona (Figure 1). The bubbling reaction is almost immediate and distinct in appearance. "Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances Micrococcus spp", "Genome sequence of the Fleming strain of Micrococcus luteus, a simple free-living actinobacterium", "Role of GC-biased mutation pressure on synonymous codon choice in Micrococcus luteus, a bacterium with a high genomic GC-content", "Reclassification of ATCC 9341 from Microccus luteus to Kocuria rhizophila", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=1132534318, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 January 2023, at 09:24. The catalase test did return positive by bubbling, indicating that it does have the ability to break down the radical hydrogen peroxide into diatomic oxygen and hydrogen. Increased inflammation in lysozyme M-deficient mice in response to A positive test leads to the development of blue or purple-blue on the disc within two minutes. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. They are fairly small as well, usually about a millimeter in diameter and of a normal height. Micrococcus luteus are Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. 1. I extracted the DNA using the PowerSoil DNA kit (manufactured by Qiagen) following manufacturer instructions. Bacteria Identification, Culture and Biochemical Techniques on Lab Hybridization studies indicate that species within the genus Micrococcus are not closely related, showing as little as 50% sequence similarity. It is Gram-positive cocci in tetrads, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, arranged in clusters that differ from Staphylococcus in attacking sugars oxidatively which may appear in irregular clusters, groups of four or eight. Methods: To start isolating the bacterium, I used a sterile swab wet with deionized water provided by the lab to pick up bacteria from the shower drain. Micrococcus luteus in tetrads arrangement. Colony pigmentation varies considerably but is usually different shades of yellow or cream-white. Recently, as an opportunistic pathogen, this organism was recognized and it has been implicated in recurrent bacteremia, septic arthritis, septic shock, endocarditis, intracranial suppuration, meningitis, and cavitating pneumonia in immunosuppressed patients. 900 Seventh Street, NW Suite 400 This would be read A/NC. For the detection of oxidase enzyme, filter paper circular disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in dimethyl sulfoxide are used. It is often larger thanStaphylococcus. The micrococci produce tetrads consisting of 4 cocci clustered together. Micrococci can often carry plasmids that provide the organism with useful traits. Micrococcus luteus. Care must be taken when using a sample of organism acquired from a sBAP since erythrocytes also produce catalase. . Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 122(1):17-24. The bacterium also colonizes the human mouth, mucosae, oropharynx and upper respiratory tract. Micrococcus luteus As the microbe is gram positive this means that it has a large peptidoglycan layer and lacks a lipopolysaccharide layer. Under the microscope they are round cells. Klebsiella pneumoniae Micrococcus luteus Micrococcus roseus Proteus mirabilis Proteus vulgaris Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhimurium Serratia marcescens Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus . Genus: Micrococcus. Thank you for joining me, Karen Krisher, on this Pearl of Laboratory Medicine on Basics of Differentiation of Gram-positive Cocci.. Micrococcus Luteus Biochemical Test Results - GENTHAMA Micrococcus | bacteria genus | Britannica This presentation will focus on the laboratory tests useful for the differentiation among the families as opposed to the more complicated differentiation and identification of the organisms within the different genera. 2002 can be divided into three biovars that are distinguished by several chemotaxonomic and biochemical traits: biovar I represented by the type strain of Micrococcus luteus; biovar II represented by strain D7 DSM 14234 CCM 4959; and biovar III . This bacterium is often arranged in the form of circular tetrads and it forms bright yellow colonies on nutrient agar. This lines up with M. luteus resistances from the tests. Results of the biochemical tests demonstrated that the M. luteus and M. varians strains could be distinguished by their actions on glucose and nitrate reduction (Table I). I performed many tests to find out the colony morphology and physiology. Filter paper disks impregnated with tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (oxidase reagent) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are used. Bharath. Mannitol salt agar (MSA) is a selective, differential, and indicator medium used to isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus from the clinical specimen. With the advent of newer molecular techniques, genus and species confirmation is even faster and easier. The organism itself is susceptible to almost all drugs, with a few strains being resistant to nitrofurantoin, macrolides and lincomycin (Public Health Canada). The API 20 Strep test I used came up with no conclusive results. download full PDF here, Some of the species of Micrococcus, such as M. luteus which is yellow in colour, and M. roseus which is red. Know more about our courses. M. luteus is the majority of reads on the species level. . Micrococcus luteuswere discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming before he discovered penicillin in 1928. They are catalase positive and often oxidase positive although this reaction may be weak (see Table 23.3 ). Note the bright yellow, non-diffusable colony pigment which is a defining characteristic of M. luteus. Some streptococci also possess unique cell wall carbohydrate antigens that can be identified by reactivity with specific indicator antibodies in an agglutination assay (Lancefield typing). 2002). Biochemical 1- Catalase (+ve) 2- Coagulase (-ve) Catalase is an enzyme produced by the organism to neutralize the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide in the environment of the cell. Staphylococcus saprophyticus- An Overview - Microbe Notes Intermediates or end products of these varied metabolic activities can be detected by performing biochemical assays on a bacterial culture. I repeated this process three more times to further purify the colony. all 3 tests done w/SIM deeps just add Kovac's reagent for Indole test Alcaligenes faecalis (left) - . I used an API Strep test to determine more of the sugars the bacteria could ferment. The oxygen class of the microbe, obligate aerobe, matches up with the predictions I had made about it because the bacteria was originally sourced in a nostril. The API test strips lack of results suggests that the I used the wrong test strip, I probably needed to use the Staph test instead of the Strep test, because the Strep test is for when Catalase is absent, but there could have been catalase present. Staphylococcus spp. The EMB plate is also selective for gram-negative bacteria which is probably why the bacteria didnt grow on it. Micrococcus luteus ( M. luteus ), is a Gram-positive bacteria, 0.05 to 3.5 microns in diameter, that is most commonly found in mucous membranes such as the nasal cavities, the upper respiratory tract, and the lining of the mouth. Growth or weak growth is observed at 45C, at pH 10, and in the presence of 10% sodium chloride (NaCl). Table 2: Graph of the genomic reads by taxonomic level using Korona. I used the Kirby-Bauer, or disk diffusion test to test for this, described in lab handout 9. Benecky M. J.; Frew J. E.; Scowen N; Jones P, Hoffman B. M (1993). M. luteus can also cause septic shocks in immuno-compromised people. 2. The microdase test is a rapid method to differentiate Staphylococcus (-ve) from Micrococcus +ve) by detection of the enzyme oxidase. The Bacterial Genomic DNA Isolation Kit provides convenient and simple step-by-step method for isolating quality genomic DNA from gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species. This bacterium can withstand massive doses of UV radiation and it also has the capability to degrade certain pollutants such as petrol. // document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Built with Enlightenment Theme and WordPress. Source publication +9 Isolation and Identification of Potential Pathogenic Bacteria in Living Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) Sold in. It is an opportunistic pathogen, only pathogenic enough to cause disease in weakened immune systems (Medical Laboratories). They are considered as normal comensal of human skin and upper respiratory tract. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. M. luteus tests positive for catalase, oxidase, utilization of D-glucose, sucrose and D-mannose, and has A2 type peptidoglycan that contains L-lysine as the diagnostic amino acid, MK-8 and MK-8 (H 2) are the major menaquinones (Stackebrandt et al. Catalase, if present, will break down the hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Coagulase Results: Colonies typically have a lemon-yellow pigment. M. lylae can be distinguished from the closely related species Micrococcus luteus by lysozyme susceptibility, genetic composition, and the type of cell-wall peptidoglycan.