For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). As we grow older, we sleep less. Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. How does hypnosis work? In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. Mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists, and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. Treatment. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. Upset stomach and vomiting. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. c. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. 0. It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). Signs and Symptoms | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. 22. 2. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. . Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. Diarrhea. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. Theta wavesare even lower frequency (47 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). Loss of appetite. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. 3. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Disorganized Thinking. For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Often, however, people wishing to learn to meditate receive some training in techniques to achieve a meditative state. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. Think meditation might help? Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. Delusions. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Physical dependenceinvolves changes in normal bodily functionsthe user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. (credit: Laurie Avocado). However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). It is typically consumed in pill form. a. Identifying Internal States of the Brain | Technology Networks Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Variations and adaptations in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring. Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Words To Describe Symptoms | Adjectives For Symptoms - SearchSentences Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. If someone stays awake for 48 consecutive hours, they could start to hallucinate. These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. Nasal Congestion: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment - MedicineNet While amphetamines are often abused, they are also commonly prescribed to children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. . While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. Not able to pass stool or gas. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. In contrast, a person who haspsychological dependencehas an emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress. You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep.
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