This emphasis on the purity of form references the Neoclassical style then in vogue. 14.75"". Robert Wogdon (1734-1813) is arguably the best known and most respected maker of flintlock dueling pistols. One Theophilus Swift was to write a pamphlet on the affair, taking the Dukes side. As the smoke cleared, Alexander Hamilton lay mortally wounded. With re-browned swamped octagonal sighted barrel (bore pitted) with crudely refreshed signature along the top flat and line of beadwork at the rear, silver fore-sight, border engraved tang with back-sight and decorated with a shell and foliage, signed detented flat . The seven days having expired and no club member recollecting to have heard such words, Colonel Lennox felt justified in concluding that they were never uttered. Burrs shot had struck him in the ribs and caused serious damage to his organs and left him paralyzed. Starting in 1795 to 1803, he operated with a partner, John Barton, as Wogdon & Barton so this pistol is 1795 or earlier. The guns had several special features, including heavy brass forends for steadier aim and both front and rear sights for a more accurate shot. (10 cm); Wt. [19] Participants wore heavy, protective clothing and a metal helmet, similar to a fencing mask but with an eye-screen of thick glass. Engraved in gold on the barrel: ARGer DE L'EMPEREUR. From about 1790 firearms were generally fitted with mahogany cases, whose interiors were lined with green baize (woolen cloth) and subdivided into discrete compartments for the weapon, tools, and accessories. 19th September 2018. Wogdon & Barton - Wikiwand The Mantons, Griffin & Tow, H.W. Robert Wogdon and John Barton operated at 14 Haymarket, London, from 1795 to 1803. The doctors concluded that Stoneys injuries might well prove fatal. Carried to his Manhattan home, Hamilton lingered in agony, the pistol ball lodged next to his spine. [Note 3], Most English pistols had smooth bores, though some had scratch rifling, a subtle form of rifling which was difficult to see with the naked eye. For example, when the Duke of York was challenged by his nephew Charles Lennox when they were serving in the Coldstream Guards, Lennoxs Wogdon pistols from 12 paces at Wimbledon Common was chosen, and they were to fire upon the signal. (3.8 cm); Wt. Compounds and Solutions for Metals. (136.1 g); cleaning rod (c): L. 15 1/2 in. The plot was foiled, but he was acquitted. A discussion of the poem in The Critical Review; or, Annals of Literature from 1782 notes, "The artist to whom these stanzas are inscribed is famous for his skill in making pistols, whose aim is remarkably true" and notes the lines, "No one can tell how short he shall remain, If honour calls and Wogdon bids him die" as among the best in the poem. Pistols - garthvincent.com SOLD. The barrels are marked Wogdon & Barton London in script on the top flat. Perhaps the most bizarre duel in which Wogdon pistols were used took place on 13 January 1777 between the Reverend Henry Bate and Andrew Robinson Stoney. The locks are signed "Wogdon/&/Barton" and have frizzen rollers, sliding half-cock safeties, and stepped tails. The sliding-safety locks are marked in script "Wogdon" over "&" over "Barton". Instead, the duelists should fire quickly. "Pair of Wogdon & Barton Flintlock Dueling Pistols (AH6322)" for sale online. Only one of the pair of pistols made by Robert Wogdon that were used in this duel has survived, and is on permanent exhibition at the Museum of London; it presumably belonged to Colonel Lennox. Stoney Bowes was to spend the remaining 22 years of his life as a prisoner, his mounting debts still unpaid, and still pursuing yet more legal avenues to regain control of Marys fortune. Robert Wogdon (British, 17341813), Gunsmith: (1726.5 g). Gunmakers to Bow St. Police, 1801-3. Hamilton received a .54-caliber wound to the abdomen from an English-made Wogdon & Barton flintlock smoothbore dueling pistol. Initially standard holster or travelling pistols were mainly used, but by the end of the century special-purpose duelling pistols were being made by craftsmen in England, France, Germany, Austria, and the United States. [6], Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh. Colonel Lennox and the Duke, accompanied by their seconds, met on Wimbledon Common on the morning of 26 May. There is an oval escutcheon at the wrist that has the initials GL and, in very small letters at the top of the arc, ""FOR RIGHT AND REASON"". Pistol (a): L. 16 1/8 in. [4], All component parts were manufactured, hand-finished and then adjusted with great care and precision, which made duelling pistols much more costly than standard firearms of the period. 1.5 oz. Duelling pistols have long and heavy barrels - the added weight helped steady aim and reduce recoil. The name Robert Wogdon is one that appears frequently in tales of the most infamous duels. The stock on gun 1, which is lighter than gun 2, is vey good with no cracks, a chip around the rear barrel key, a small chip at the rear trigger guard attachment pin on the right, and scattered usage dents and dings. He died the following day. Famous for duelling pistols. With dueling pistols, Hollywood loves to show to adversaries starting back to back and walking off a set number of paces before turning to fire. [2] 1834); Theodore Offerman, New York (until d. 1937; his estate sale, American Art Association-Anderson Galleries, Inc., New York, November 1113, 1937, no. The 9 5/8"" octagon 64 caliber swamped smooth bore barrel has a fair bore with pitting. The surviving Lennox pistol used in a duel with the Duke of York. The crest and monogram strongly suggest they may have belonged to Wogdons son-in-law, William Butt Jnr. [21], Pairs of duelling pistols were often supplied in compartmentalised wooden cases along with a powder flask, rods for cleaning and loading, spare flints, spanners and other tools, and a bullet mould. 7 oz. (3.8 cm); Wt. A Rifled Pocket Pistol by Smith. Provenance: The Collection of Joe M. Wanenmacher Jr. Robert Wogdon produced flintlock firearms from the 1760s, and was particularly well known for his high quality duelling pistols. Not surprisingly, the few duels in which Wogdons pistols were known to have been used took place between opponents who were well-known public figures. These types are similar to duelling pistols in that they were muzzle-loading weapons that were sometimes expensively made and sold in matched, cased pairs with a set of accessories. The pistols are quite unique with their saw handled butts and spurred trigger guards the design of which would have been specified by the owner. The ultimate pocket pistol, derringer handguns are lightweight, compact, and can easily be tucked away in a pocket or purse. There were also varieties of barrier duels in which the duelist started a set number of paces apart with a barrier in the center. Stoneys dying wish was that Mary would marry him. Wogdon was partnered with John Barton at 14 Haymarket Street in London in 1795-1803. Duelling pistols are often single-shot flintlock or percussion black-powder pistols which fire a lead ball. British Flintlock Dueling Pistol by Wogdon for sale. - Collectors Firearms The stock is very good with the typical flat sided Wogdon style grips, two fastening wedges, no cracks or chips (except a small chip at the forward lock screw), and the wear expected of a 225 plus year old flintlock pistol. As part of, Samuel Brunn (English, London, recorded 17951820), Louis Perrin (French, Paris, active 182365), James Purdey the Elder (British, London 17841863 Margate), J. C. A. Brun (French, Paris, active 184972), Louis Nicolas Auguste Flobert (French, Paris, 18191894). The 10"" swamped at the muzzle octagon 67 caliber smooth bore barrels have good bores with light roughness. If Hamilton were to admit to Burrs charge, which was substantially true, he would lose his honour. Impact Guns is the gun shop for all your shooting needs. When his second wife divorced him in 1834, Alexander Hamilton Jr. served as her lawyer. A PAIR OF FLINTLOCK DUELLING PISTOLS - Christie's Somewhat reluctantly, Mary agreed and four days later Stoney was carried on a stretcher down the aisle of St Jamess Church, Piccadilly, to marry Mary Elizabeth Bowes, Dowager Countess of Strathmore. When a duel was fought with a single pair of pistols it was because neither duellist owned their own and the pistols were supplied by a third party. A Fine Duelling Pistol by Wogdon & Barton - Garth Vincent One could be excused for not recognising the pistols used in the Hamilton-Burr duel as having been made by the famous Wogdon. Interestingly these pistols look identical to the pistols used in the Burr-Hamilton duel of 1804, including the 'concealed hair triggers' Description The barrels which are gently swamped to the muzzle, are 10.25 octagonal, sighted, browned twist with a smooth bore size of .550. Duelling pistol - Wikipedia Mary Eleanor Bowes was the richest heiress in England at that time. With John Barton, traded Wogdon & Barton from 1795, succeeded by Barton, 1803. However, in some duels where the parties truly despised one another and the insults had been particularly serious, the adversaries agreed to duel until one of them was too injured to go on or killed. Collecting, preserving, researching, publishing, and exhibiting distinguished examples representing the art of the armorer, swordsmith, and gunmaker. Burr was charged with murder but the case never reached trial. Thus, firing too early might make you more likely to miss and have to risk being shot at from a shorter range. The answer to the question frequently asked of the owners of Wogdon duelling pistols, Were these pistols ever used in a duel? must unfortunately therefore be, We just dont know.. Mortimer, and many other talented English gunmakers certainly manufactured incredibly fine dueling pistols and helped create new innovations in their designs over time, but Wogdon truly specialized in them. Price: 28,500 Maker: Robert Wogdon Date: circa 1780 Each Pistol with 10 inch browned swamped octagonal barrel signed along the top flat, engraved with a transverse band of beadwork at the rear of the breech and with silver fore sight, case-hardened foliate engraved tang decorated with a band of beadwork in front of the rear sight . A discussion of the poem in "The Critical Review; or, Annals of Literature" from 1782 notes, "The artist to whom these stanzas are inscribed is famous for his skill in making pistols, whose aim is remarkably true" and notes the lines "No one can tell how short he shall remain, If honour calls and Wogdon bids him die" as among the best in the poem. 1.3 oz. Pistol Kits; Chemicals and Compounds. Burr appears to have had no such qualms and had been practicing his marksmanship. Much to everyones surprise, following the wedding Stoney made a rapid and complete recovery. Impact also services the needs of law enforcement and military with our wide variety of tactical weapons and . They resulted in the deaths of two men from an illustrious American family just a few years apart. [12], It is often stated that duelling pistols came in identical pairs to put each duellist on an equal footing. Like most of the earlier English dueling pistols, this pair has a lighter build. Whatever the eventual outcome, it was the expected duty of both the parties seconds to record faithfully all details of the duel, from the original insult, the issuing of the challenge to the eventual outcome. Famous for duelling pistols. Its the story of a, In 1873, two of America's greatest gunmakers would unveil the defining arms of the era. While that is the origin, people clearly had misgivings about whether God would come to their aid in a duel both back in the Middle Ages and in the early modern era. Flintlock Target Pistol of Prince William Frederick, Second Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh (17761834), with Case and Accessories, Wogdon & Barton (British, London 17951803), John Barton (British, recorded 17951819), Pistol: wood (walnut), steel, gold, brass, horn; ramrod: wood (walnut), brass, steel; case: wood (mahogany), velvet, brass; powder flask: brass, steel, leather; bullet mold: steel; screwdriver: wood (walnut), brass, steel; cleaning rod: wood (walnut), brass, steel; bottle: glass, Pistol (a): L. 16 1/8 in. 0.00. Wogdon & Barton was an 18th-century firm of gunsmiths based in London, England. (30.3 cm); Cal. These shots were fired at 25 yards with rapid dueling style aim rather than carefully deliberate aim. Colonel Lennox wrote a circular to every member of Daubignys asking whether such words had been used about him and requesting an answer within the next seven days, adding that no reply would be considered equivalent to a declaration that nothing had been said. They have small blade front and fixed notch rear sights. 181520", "THE TAMING OF THE DUEL: MASCULINITY, HONOUR AND RITUAL VIOLENCE IN LONDON, 16601800", "www.exetermemories.co.uk/EM/_events/last_duel.php", "Material Culture and Military History: Test-Firing Early Modern Small Arms", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duelling_pistol&oldid=1132214902, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 January 2023, at 20:30. (42.5 g); screwdriver (e): L. 3 15/16 in. The finest London firearms made in the classic British style of the early nineteenth century rank among the most stately and innovative in the history of gunmaking. As the distance closed they could fire at will. Often the duelists would each select one pistol from a cased pair, but in some duels they would each use one of their own, and if a second round of fire was demanded they could use the other. Travelling pistols, also known as overcoat pistols, were intended for use by travellers to protect themselves from highwaymen and footpads; unlike duelling pistols, they were commonly rifled. David S. Weaver covered this for the American Society of Arms Collectors,but in short, Wodgons barrels were bent downwards slightly. In Britain, the favoured type was for the duellists to stand still at an agreed distance and shoot when given the signal. Who Shot First? A History Of Famous Duels - Wideners Shooting, Hunting When Charles Lee and John Laurens dueled during the American Revolution, they each brought a pair. By the time duelling with pistols had superseded duelling with swords in the early 1770s, the purpose had shifted from wounding or killing your opponent to demonstrating that, as a man of honour, you were prepared to risk your life to defend your reputation, or that of your family or your regiment. The engraving on the escutcheon merits further research. The Mantons, Griffin & Tow, H.W. The brown damascus style finish is . Burr, with his political prospects already fading, demanded an explanation of what Hamilton had said about him, and a series of notes were exchanged. Robert Wogdon manufactured the pistols used in the Hamilton-Burr duel, the most famous duel in American history. The circumstances of the duel began when the Duke of York let it be known, that Colonel Lennox had heard words spoken to him at Daubignys [a gentlemans club] to which no gentleman ought to have submitted. Use your arrow keys to navigate the tabs below, and your tab key to choose an item, Title: The 10" swamped at the muzzle octagon 67 caliber smooth bore barrels have good bores with light roughness. Though disputed, this duel most likely took place on 26 May 1789. Then Eacker raised his pistol and shot Hamilton above the hip. RIAC believes that this website is accessible to the widest possible audience pursuant to the guidelines of the Americans with Disability Act. Exactly what happened next has been debated and veiled in mystery ever since. Surprisingly, Lee was only lightly wounded and the affair ultimately ended without another exchange, in part due to Alexander Hamiltons role as Laurenss second. Robert Wogdon made many and varied firearms pocket and livery pistols, double-barrelled pistols, sporting guns and rifles, carbines and blunderbusses but he was most renowned for his duelling pistols. The stock on gun 2 is fine with no cracks or chips and the dents and dings expected of light to moderate use. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/29592. He died in 1813, and by that time hundreds of men are believed to have been injured or killed by his pistols in duels. Dueling Pistols | National Postal Museum All rights reserved. This dueling flintlock pistol is by Robert Wogdon (1733-1813), a well-known London gunsmith from Lincolnshire who operated at Haymarket, London, from 1774 to 1802. (17.1 cm); Wt. The duel took place at exactly the same place where Philips father was to meet Aaron Burr three years later. The stock on gun 1, which is lighter than gun 2, is vey good with no cracks, a chip around the rear barrel key, a small chip at the rear trigger guard attachment pin on the right, and scattered usage dents and dings. Price and Eacker exchanged shots multiple times the following day without injury and considered their affair settled. The Burr-Hamilton duel pistols were originally in a very similar configuration to this pair. Steel and Brass Section, Rod and Sheet. Upon the signal, they could advance towards one another and choose when to fire. Churchs Wogdon & Barton pistols were used on July 11, 1804, close to where the young Hamilton had been mortally wounded. From about 1770 onwards, gunsmiths were producing pistols expressly made for duelling.[2]. An aesthetic vocabulary of blued, case-hardened, and browned steel and richly finished walnut, both with tasteful gold and silver accents, defines much of their best work. The events that culminated in the duel were the result of several years of simmering political differences and antagonism. The poem later references him again and notes, "This death we lay not, Wogdon to thy blame; Cullum must have his fame as well as you. (1726.5 g), Classification: To order, please call 01666 502200 or email: subscriptions@bonhams.com, This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Luxury stationery: a wonderfully sensuous experience. The Field is the oldest and ultimate sporting journal, covering everything rural types care about since 1853. 14.75"". [7], The most famous and innovative manufacturers were London-based companies such as Wogdon & Barton, Durs Egg, Manton, Mortimer, Nock, and Purdey. He left no records and never used serial numbers on his guns. Gunmaker John Rigby indicated this was done by Wogdon to try to remedy the fact that duelists often fired high and missed their mark, but in reality bending the bore down would not have helped, and shooting high could have been more easily remedied by different height sights. Wogdon had apprenticed to the Irish gunmaker Edward Norton in Lincolnshire. SOLD. He was only 19 years old. Burr was never tried for Hamiltons death, but rather than revive his political career, the duel was its death knell. [1] The name Wogdon became synonymous with dueling, to the extent that duels in England were sometimes referred to as "a Wogdon affair". In 1797, Alexander Hamilton's brother-in-law, John Baker Church, had obtained an exquisite pair of custom-made dueling pistols made by Wogdon. Derringer Handguns For Sale :: Guns.com Two shots are believed to have rung out almost simultaneously. Hamilton, Burr, their seconds, and a doctor met at Heights of Weehawken in New Jersey, a popular but secluded dueling ground, on that fateful July morning. A PAIR OF ENGLISH FLINTLOCK DUELING PISTOLS by Wogdon & Barton, London The sighted browned octagonal twist steel barrels engraved Wogdon & Barton London, the touch-holes lined in gold with hooked breeches and engraved tangs.Set triggers. Forging damascus steel barrels the rarest of skills, The Fields bucket list for a sporting year, Seasons greetings a love letter to postage stamps. 0.00. More Info. Not all fine, antique pairs of pistols are duelling pistols, though they may be called so. 283, sold to MMA). [Note 2] Injuries from such bullets, coupled with the primitive state of emergency medicine at the time when duels were commonplace, meant that pistol duels frequently resulted in fatalities, often some hours or days afterwards. Robert Wogdon made many and varied firearms - pocket and livery pistols, double-barrelled pistols, sporting guns and rifles, carbines and blunderbusses - but he was most renowned for his duelling pistols. Duelling pistols are often single-shot flintlock or percussion black-powder pistols which fire a lead ball. 15"". The poem later references him again and notes, "This death we lay not, Wogdon to thy blame; Cullum must have his fame as well as you. Poem, Stanzas on Duelling, by an Irish Volunteer, 1783, began Hail Wogden! The barrels are marked Wogdon & Barton London in script on the top flat. Although best suited for military use, they were often owned by civilians. A Continental Pin Fire Revolver. New York. (44.5 cm); D. 6 3/4 in. Each pistol with 10 inch rebrowned sighted octagonal barrel inscribed Wogdon & Barton London on the top flat, gold lined touch hole, foliate engraved tang incorporating the rear sight, flat bevel edged signed lock with stepped tail and sliding safety, set trigger, figured walnut full stock, swelling flat sided butt, engraved iron furniture including trigger guard with pineapple finial, horn tipped ramrod; contained in their original baize lined mahogany case with accessories including a leather bodied flask, flint wallet and cleaning rod, the exterior with recessed brass carrying handle. A major source of income for Robert Wogdon was the production of duelling pistols, though perhaps significantly he never referred in his invoices to his pistols as being duelling pistols, but were rather a neat pair or brace. Collectors Firearms, LLC. Very good with more than half of the period refurbished brown, distinct Damascus patterns, and bright gold vent on the barrel; mottled silver-gray patina on the lock, gray and brown patina on the iron furniture, dark aged patina on the silver, replaced ramrod shaft, minor oxidation/pitting, and general mild wear. The Museum looks forward to receiving your comments. Some say Hamilton threw away his shot on purpose as he had declared he intended to do privately and then Burr fired, while others suggest Hamilton fired reflexively after being shot. Both sets of pistols have single set triggers. Both pistols have their original iron-tipped ramrods with an attached worm at the end. The Colt Single Action Army revolver and the Winchester Model. SOLD. The Most Famous Set of Dueling Pistols - Wogdon & Barton Until the building's demolition in 2019, you could view the most famous set of dueling pistols in history on display at the former JPMorgan Chase Tower, at 270 Park Avenue, NY, New York. [2] The name Wogdon became synonymous with dueling, to the extent that duels in England were sometimes referred to as "a Wogdon affair". This article about a company of the UK is a stub. Robert Wogdon (January 1734 - 28 March 1813) died aged 79 and was buried with his wife Jane (died 15 February 1805, aged 69) in the chancel of St Bartholomew's Church, located on the outskirts of Buntingford, Hertfordshire.[6]. The barrels have a decorative band around the breech end. (36.9 g); bullet mould (d): L. 4 13/16 (12.2 cm); Cal. No details as to the pistol used by the Duke of York have so far been found. A PAIR OF FLINTLOCK DUELLING PISTOLS BY WOGDON & BARTON, LONDON, CIRCA 1800 With octagonal signed barrels each retaining much original browned finish to the underside, gold-lined touch-holes, deeply scroll engraved tangs, signed flat bevelled bolted locks each with roller, gold-lined priming-pan and some original faded case-hardened finish, set triggers, figured walnut full stocks, engraved . 0.8 oz. As John Norris writes in Pistols at Dawn: A History of Duelling, Wogdons name has unarguably become more closely associated with dueling pistols than any other gunsmith of the period, and has come to epitomize these specialized firearms. Compounds and Solutions for Wood. Initially, both men refused to fire. 0.00. With swamped octagonal sighted barrels each signed in script along the top flat and engraved with a band of beadwork at the breech, silver fore-sights, tangs each incorporating the back-sight and finely engraved with foliage, signed flat . We offer a wide selection of firearms, including: handguns, shotguns, rifles, ammunition, rifle scopes and optics, as well as collectible machine guns and other NFA/Class 3 guns. At first glance, the surviving pistol is not immediately recognisable as the work of Robert Wogdon. Starting in 1795 to 1803, he operated with a partner, John Barton, as Wogdon & Barton so this pistol is 1795 or earlier. 0.5 oz. Other Materials. 12.9 oz. Lot 1278: Cased pair of Walter Adams percussion dueling pistols. Patron of that Leaden death. Hamiltons pistol went off and struck the ground. Burr was unharmed but stood in shock before being rushed away from the scene as was customary. Like that pair, these pistols have "concealed" single set triggers, a standard feature of their pistols rather than a secret designed to give one duelist an advantage over the other. Click here for more information. "British Flintlock Dueling Pistol by Wogdon (AH6306)" for sale [20], The use of pistols in duels became popular in the United Kingdom, France, and colonial America during the mid-eighteenth century. This dueling flintlock pistol is by Robert Wogdon (1733-1813), a well-known London gunsmith from Lincolnshire who operated at Haymarket, London, from 1774 to 1802. When it came down to staring down an opponent, many men put their trust in gunmakers like Robert Wogdon rather than divine intervention. The original dueling pistols used by Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr in the 1804 duel that killed Hamilton were on exhibit from May 25 - September 16, 2018. 3 lb. (6.7 cm); W. 17 1/2 in. 4.8 oz. The pistols have smoothbore Damascus barrels with gold vent liners, dovetailed silver blade front sights, "Wogdon & Barton London" signed on top, registration markings for County Down in Ireland, engraved borders at the breech, and casehardened standing breeches with fixed notch rear sights and engraving. Cobra Firearms is a firearm and accessory manufacturer located in Salt Lake City, UT specializing in American made derringers and handguns that are unique. Reliability was important because if a duellist's pistol failed to fire, he was considered to have taken his shot and was not permitted to re-cock the pistol and try shooting again. This time by his father and Vice President Aaron Burr. Threading and drilling tooling. 1.5 oz. Many later pistols have heavier barrels and half-stocks while the early pistols are lighter and full-stocked. Mortimer & Son dueling pistols was presented by the Prince Regent to Spanish rebel Francisco Sayus in 1811 and was later owned by Confederate Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory. The events leading up to the duel, the newspaper articles, the near fatal injuries Stoney had suffered, had all been a complete sham engineered by Stoney and Bate to trick Bowes into marriage, giving Stoney control over her huge fortune. They go back centuries to trial by combat, also known as the judicial duel. Wogdon made the pistols used in the infamous BurrHamilton duel, which were later claimed to have concealed "hair triggers" (also known as set triggers). Whether it was in this form when used by Colonel Lennox in the 1789 duel, or still in its original full stocked form, is unknown. Given the large number of cased pairs of his duelling pistols that have survived to this day, his production was significant. A North African Flintlock Pistol . The overall length of this pair of flintlock dueling pistols is approx. Hamilton languished until 2 p.m. on July 12, 1804. Wogdon made the pistols used in the infamous BurrHamilton duel, which were later claimed to have concealed "hair triggers" (also known as set triggers). 2023 Rock Island Auction Company. On 13 January 1777 at the Adelphi Tavern and Coffeehouse, Bate was accosted by Stoney and the duel proceeded without any witnesses. Copyright 2023 All rights reserved. If either party was injured at all, the seconds were generally expected to work to declare the duel was over.